​Pollinator Profile #3: Carpenter bee (Xylocopa sp.)
Nickname: Gentle Giant
Favorite color: Anything but red
Favorite binge-watch: Log Cabin Living
Carpenter bees (genus Xylocopa) are the largest native bees in the United States.
These gentle giants get their common name from their habit of using their strong mandibles to excavate precisely rounded tunnels inside wood. They prefer soft wood for this purpose, such as standing dead trees. If this is not readily available, some species (like our eastern Xylocopa virginica) may decide to take up residence in fence posts or structural timbers such as deck or porch railings, and become a minor nuisance. (To deter them, simply apply paint or stain to any exposed wood.)
Inside the tunnel, the female deposits loaves of ‘bee bread’—balls of pollen and nectar-- upon which she lays her giant eggs (up to 15 mm long!). She forms partitions between each egg cell by mixing her saliva with sawdust, creating a substance very similar to particle board. Thus, each larva is supplied with ‘a room of its own’, along with all the food it will need.
In spring, you’ll often see several of these large bees zooming about, buzzing loudly. They may seem threatening, but these are just territorial males who are out to impress the ladies. And rather than representing a threat to us, they’re all talk—male carpenter bees don’t even have stingers!
In our gardens, carpenter bees are generalists and may be found foraging and pollinating a wide variety of plants.
Author: Lisa Schneider
Photo credits: Denise Holden

Pollinator Profile #2: Spicebush Swallowtail (Papilio Troilus)
Favorite song: Spice Spice Baby
Nickname: Spice Girl, Sassyfrass
My Motto: Goofy to Glamorous in less than 2 months!
The Spicebush swallowtail is one of our most beloved visitors at the SBG. Its adorable caterpillar can be found hiding out inside curled leaves of the Spicebush or sassafras. Those fake eye spots might scare predators-- but to us, they just look cute!
As for the adult butterfly, its look has been described as a “cityscape at night”, with a dramatic wash of blue, along with white spots, standing out against its dark wings. Both are a welcome sight in the Garden.
Author: Lisa Schneider
Photo credit: S. Krotzer

​Pollinator Profile #1: Leafcutter bee (Megachile sp.)
Theme Song: If You Leaf Me Now
Pet peeve: shoddy construction
Nickname: Cheeto Tummy
My friends say I’m: A perfectionist.
Leafcutter bees (Megachile sp.) are solitary cavity-nesting bees who construct and provision their nests without the support of a colony or hive. If you’ve ever seen rose or redbud leaves that look like someone has used a hole-punch on them—you’ve probably been looking at the work of a leafcutter bee! These leaf parts will be used to line the insides of the nursery chamber, which is located inside a ready-made cavity such as a hollow plant stem. Each ‘room’ will be provisioned with a ball of ‘bee bread’, a mixture of nectar, pollen and saliva. An egg is laid on top of the bee bread and the chamber is sealed—basically forming a little ‘Bee burrito’!
In addition to being solicitous moms, Leafcutter bees are exceptionally efficient pollinators, as they carry pollen on their entire abdomen rather than just on their legs. Referred to as a ‘pollen brush’, this feature is a great way to help the observer identify this pollinator friend.
Author: Lisa Schneider
Photo credit: Solent

​Your Piece of the Puzzle #5 - Juggling Bubbles
If you’ve ever planned a Thanksgiving dinner, you know the challenges of juggling multiple considerations. The seasoned Thanksgiving host plans well in advance with lists of groceries, timings, and dietary needs. In the process of planning for your wildlife feast, you’ve already accomplished outlining your needs, making an inventory, and noting existing conditions in your base plan.
Let’s now evaluate the plan to see how effective it is as wildlife habitat. An easy way to do this is using the “bubble diagram”. The image below provides an example of how you might draw circles around areas that have potential for improvement.
Use photocopies or tracing paper over your base map. There is no one best answer—everyone’s habitat will be different, and you may come up with more than one plan. Bubbles are possibilities. When drawing your ideas, keep these principles in mind:
• Lay out zones with different height ranges: Canopy of trees, understory trees, mid-story shrubs, and ground layers.
• Connect those puzzle pieces: Planting along property edges not only provides balance to your landscaping but provides wildlife corridors. Imagine if everyone in a neighborhood provided edge plantings ---what was once fragmented would become a lush highway teeming with life.
• Zone it out: Determine which areas of your yard are sunny or shady, wet or dry. A sunny area might be the best placement for that butterfly garden you have on your list.
• Consider sightlines: What views do you imagine from a window or a patio? Think about how you’d like to experience your living landscape when you are out for a morning stroll.
• Let the natural world be your teacher: When you take a walk, observe the arrangement of plants along a meadow, in the woods, or along a stream. Notice how natural areas tend toward curves. Let Mother Nature inspire you!
You can plan for a spectacular feast, welcoming your wildlife guests not for a day, but every day-- for many years to come.
Author: Pam Ford

​Your Piece of the Puzzle #4: It’s Not Easy Being Green
Many of us have fond memories of our lawns, and our associations can be as unique as individuals. Does the word “lawn” bring back memories of walking barefoot in the grass, playing croquet, and family picnics—or does the word conjure up endless hours of mowing and steep water bills? Do you think of the place where the puppy would play, or do you remember the struggle to get grass to grow under your trees?
Whatever your reason to love (or not love) your lawn, its purpose does seem to change, as your needs and desires evolve over time. If we reimagine our puzzle piece, we gain the opportunity to develop a diverse, three-dimensional, varied landscape with year-long interest. To achieve the “layered landscape” referred to in the previous post, you may need to consider repurposing some of the lawn. Take a good look at your base plan; most landscapes have areas that are infrequently used, or not needed at all.
Doug Tallamy (Bringing Nature Home), suggests that we reverse “normal” landscaping so that turf is only in place where we walk or use the lawn for recreation. Often, children, as well as adults, are more attracted to the layers beyond the lawn, where there are countless opportunities for observation and activities that stir the imagination.
Lawn can also serve as a design element, a visual resting space that defines the shape of outdoor rooms between textured plantings. A grassy path can invite and guide the garden visitor to explore the wonders of the natural world in your landscape.
Over time, removing turf in favor of new plantings will bring more life to your yard, and immeasurable joy for yourself.
Author: Pam Ford

​Your Piece of the Puzzle #3: Think Layers
Before you start putting pencil to paper to test layouts on your base plan or choose plants, we’ll start by getting familiar with thinking in layers.
Naturally-occurring plants grow in many layers. These include tall and understory trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, and the ground layer. Each level provides a home for varying wildlife species. Missing plant layers means that there are wildlife species unable to select the layer to which they are best adapted for survival.
A layered landscape provides food throughout all seasons. Bees benefit from early spring- blooming flowers --especially trees and shrubs, which provide an early food source just when the bees are emerging from a long winter’s fast.
You say you want a butterfly garden? Many of the showy butterflies that we enjoy lay their eggs in our native trees and shrubs. Small groves of native trees planted by Dr. Snetsinger in the Snetsinger Butterfly Garden were planted specifically to support the caterpillars of various species of lepidoptera. Large yellow tiger swallowtails are frequently spotted gliding down from the treetops to nectar on their favorite flowers. Other butterflies, like fritillaries, depend on plants in the ground layer.
Layered landscapes support fellow creatures, but also create yards that are interesting and attractive. Trees and shrubs provide seasonal interest - aromatic spring flowers, gorgeous fall colors, and stunning architecture in the winter. The joy of discovery awaits in every layer- a spicebush swallowtail caterpillar on a spicebush, a bird flitting from branch to branch or a bumble bee emerging from beneath the leaf litter –it never gets old.
Whether you are working around existing plantings or are starting from the ground up, you can make your yard into a living layered landscape. And you can choose whether to spend a weekend, a year, or a lifetime doing it!
Just like a puzzle, the journey is half the fun. The rest is watching your garden come to life.
Author: Pam Ford

​Your Piece of the Puzzle #2: All About That Base
Many visitors to the SBG tell us that they gain ideas and inspiration from our demonstration gardens, but feel overwhelmed when they think about applying their new knowledge to their own property. As tempting as it is to start by chatting about plants, we’ll start by planning for plants.
There is no ‘one -size –fits- all' for planning your landscape. Much will depend on the property you are working with, the site conditions, and your family’s needs.
Begin by making a base plan. A base plan is basically a bird’s- eye- view map of your present landscape that includes property lines, buildings and existing landscape features. This need not be complicated. A simple image can go a long way to helping you visualize your needs, and help outline your goals and priorities. Testing ideas on paper is much easier than rearranging plants in a yard.
Keep a notebook on hand for your family ‘wish list'. Do you want to create a secret garden for the kids, a cozy shaded reading corner, or an area for a fire pit? Have you always wanted a rock garden, butterfly garden or small pond? Your wish list can include something as simple as wanting to observe more birds from your kitchen window, or having a peaceful area for a quiet stroll. Your yard can be a great site for performing ecosystem services AND provide an area unique to you.
There’s no time like the dead of winter for making a wish list!
Author: Pam Ford

​Sitting down to work on a jigsaw puzzle can be an exciting yet slightly daunting experience. Most puzzle enthusiasts begin with the edges, but after that, individuality takes hold. Whether you obsessively group colors and textures, or prefer focusing on the subtle differences in shapes and hues of sky pieces, one fact is indisputable—although each piece has a different appearance, every single one is equally important to the completion of the final picture. (Just think of the times you might have searched under the sofa, the table, or even someone’s hand for that Last. Missing. Piece.)
Gardeners play a similar role. When we think beyond our own property edge, we realize that there are millions of gardeners caring for countless acres of land, each with the ability to make decisions about their pieces of the puzzle that directly affect our ecosystem.
Our gardens have the capacity to support life, manage water, feed pollinators, and yes, be endlessly entertaining and beautiful. Whether you have a two-acre habitat or back patio of potted plants, each is a valuable piece of a larger puzzle. When we start connecting these habitats with one another, the picture expands.
But where do you start? You start with your piece of the puzzle.
Author: Pam Ford
Graphic: Gordon Johnson

​The ancient art of floriography, or the ‘language of flowers’, has been practiced for centuries, and enjoyed a surge in popularity in Victorian times. Using flowers and their symbolic meanings as a code allowed suitors to express their true feelings in a socially acceptable way. But devotees of the method had to be careful to do their research, lest the wrong idea be conveyed! For example, a red rose symbolized ‘love’, while a yellow rose denoted ‘jealousy’ or ‘infidelity’.
We’re much more inclined to be open about our emotions today. Nevertheless, floriography can be a fun way to communicate with your Valentine. A quick search on the internet will produce a variety of floral ‘dictionaries’ for your perusal.
And don’t neglect our pollinator favorites! Blooms such as Aster (patience), Rudbeckia (justice), Echinacea (strength and health) or Coreopsis (always cheerful) would surely be flattering additions to your loved one’s Valentine bouquet.
Author: Lisa Schneider
Image: Graphics Fairy

With Valentine’s Day just around the corner, you may be preparing to woo a special someone with flowers, jewelry, or delicious treats. While we won’t observe a butterfly gifting roses to a love interest, pollinators do use their own special tricks to signal to others that they are looking for love.
The first step to mating for pollinators is to locate and recognize potential mates, which is quite the endeavor for tiny creatures in a big world. The most common way for pollinators to find mates is by emitting pheromones, or chemicals that can be recognized by other members of the same species. Other methods used by pollinators and other insects include acoustic messages and flashes of light or color (think fireflies or brightly colored butterflies). As you may guess, species that rely on bright coloration and patterns to attract and identify mates typically search for mates during the daytime, while species that use pheromones, acoustics, or flashes of light often search for mates during the dark of night. Once potential mates have located each other, a variety of courtship rituals take place. Males may stroke females, flutter their wings, or perform flights or dances to try to impress females. If these courtship rituals are deemed suitable by females, mating will finally commence.
Here are two examples of these behaviors in pollinators found in Pennsylvania:
First is the ornately patterned Eastern Black Swallowtail (Papilio polyxenes). During the mating season males establish territories on sites that are easily visible to females, such as hilltops, and then aggressively chase other males out of their territories. Females circle these areas observing the interactions between males, until finally choosing the most competitive males. The new pairs engage in courtship flights before finally mating.
Conversely, the Rosy Maple Moth (Dryocampa rubicunda) is a nocturnal species and therefore must rely on non-visual cues to locate mates. During the night females release pheromones, which males can sense using receptors in their antennae, legs, and palps (prongs coming from the mouth area). It is not known from how far away males can sense the females, but in some butterfly and moth species females can be found from up to 10 miles away!! Once males have located and been accepted by females, mating takes place on the undersides of leaves, where females will lay their eggs about 24 hours later.
Author: Amber Wiewel
Photo credits:
Donald Hall, University of Florida (Eastern black swallowtail)
Emilio Concari/iNaturalist (Rosy maple moth)

​